Browsing by Author "Ho, Karl K."
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Item Can National-level Institutions Impact Democratic Transitions? Some Evidence From the Arab Spring(2022-08-01T05:00:00.000Z) Moreau, Robert John; Elliott, Euel W; Sabharwal, Meghna; Scotch, Richard K; Ho, Karl K.; McCaskill, John RIn the aftermath of the historic Arab Spring wave of pro-democracy revolutions that engulfed the Middle East from 2010-2011, Tunisia emerged as the sole success story, achieving a stable multi-party constitutional system. Egypt meanwhile slid back into its old status quo of military domination over the political system after the 2013 coup against elected president Mohamed Morsi. In each case, three major national-level institutions—the military, religious parties, and labor unions—played a significant role in the success or failure of each country’s post- revolutionary transitional process. This dissertation explores what gaps exist in our present knowledge about the potential of these three institutions to cause democratic revolutions and transitions to succeed or fail through the experiences of Tunisia and Egypt. After providing a brief history of the changing politico-economic circumstances in the Arab world that led to the demonstrations of 2010-2011, the dissertation moves on to compile and compare existing academic theories about potential behavior of the military, religious parties, and labor unions during and after pro-democracy uprisings. It then outlines the case studies of Tunisia and Egypt, documenting the historical evolution and behavior of all three institutions during and after each country’s revolution. After this, it analyzes how well existing academic theories explained the behavior of each institution in Egypt and Tunisia and uses this to identify holes in our present knowledge. Finally, this dissertation concludes by proposing a new theory of military behavior in post-revolutionary transition periods, an area largely unexplored by current research, as well as proposing a new theory of what factors position labor unions to steer a democratic transition process. Along with this, it argues that its exploratory model framework can readily be adapted to other country and institution case studies outside the Arab world.Item Dimensions of Cybersecurity: Espionage, Rivalry, and Political Economy(2022-08-01T05:00:00.000Z) Mueller, Grace Beatrice; Diehl, Paul F; Peinhardt, Clint; Qiu, Fang; D'Orazio, Vito; Ho, Karl K.; Valeriano, BrandonThis dissertation consists of three interrelated projects and explores how cybersecurity affects trade relations, espionage patterns, and militarized conflict behavior. My first project explores data localization measures as a response to shocks of severe cyber incidents. I argue that severe cyber incidents are punctuating events that shock the system, bringing the issue of strengthened data protection to the policymaking agenda. To test this argument, I created a novel database of data localization measures for 163 states between 2000-2020. My second project focuses specifically on China, and how it uses cyber espionage to change its geopolitical environment. Using a text-as-data approach, I hand-coded data found in 600 websites, articles, and technical reports to disaggregate Chinese espionage from broader data sets, allowing me to test hypotheses related to international and domestic politics. My last project explores whether cyber operations are used as complements or substitutes (or neither) to conventional militarized confrontations. I argue that a unique logic exists for why a state would choose cyber over more traditional means of conflict, and this depends, largely, on the rivalry status of a given pair of states. To test my hypotheses, I examine cyber operations and militarized incidents between 2000-2014.Item Wage Determinants of College Graduates in China : a Case Study of Nanjing(2021-07-05) Hang, Tian; Ho, Karl K.; Berry, Brian J.L.This is the first systematic study on the beginning wage of the fresh college graduates in China. Employing a new dataset, this study analyzes the beginning wage in the perspective of university tiers and major specificity. The family background effects on the occupation and wage are also analyzed in different facets such as employer ownership, job-seeking method and mobility rate. Apart from all the above, this study also focuses on China’s unique labor market, as conditioned by China’s household registration system (hukou) and formal post in the public sector (bianzhi).