Browsing by Author "Piquero, Alex R."
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Item Changing the Relationship between Impulsivity and Antisocial Behavior: The Impact of a School Engagement Program(Sage Publications Inc.) Cardwell, S. M.; Mazerolle, L.; Bennett, S.; Piquero, Alex R.; 2088022 (Piquero, AR); Piquero, Alex R.This study examines the extent to which a third-party policing experiment designed to prevent truancy in disadvantaged adolescents is able to weaken the effect of impulsivity on self-reported antisocial behavior over time. Data are used from the Ability School Engagement Program (ASEP), a randomized controlled trial of 102 high truant youth from Brisbane, Australia who were followed for 2 years postrandomization. We find that ASEP weakened the effect of impulsivity on the diversity of self-reported antisocial behavior throughout the study for those in the experiment. This study provides evidence that an intervention that was designed to prevent truancy has the additional benefit of hindering the relationship between impulsivity and self-reported antisocial behavior variety.Item Childhood Reports of Food Neglect and Impulse Control Problems and Violence in Adulthood(MDPI AG, 2018-06-01) Vaughn, M. G.; Salas-Wright, C. P.; Naeger, S.; Huang, J.; Piquero, Alex R.; 0000 0001 2098 3962 (Piquero, AR); 2088022 (Piquero, AR); Piquero, Alex R.Food insecurity and hunger during childhood are associated with an array of developmental problems in multiple domains, including impulse control problems and violence. Unfortunately, extant research is based primarily on small convenience samples and an epidemiological assessment of the hunger-violence link is lacking. The current study employed data from Wave 1 (2001-2002) andWave 2 (2004-2005) of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). The NESARC is a nationally representative sample of non-institutionalized U.S. residents aged 18 years and older. Participants who experienced frequent hunger during childhood had significantly greater impulsivity, worse self-control, and greater involvement in several forms of interpersonal violence. These effects were stronger among whites, Hispanics, and males. The findings support general theoretical models implicating impulse control problems as a key correlate of crime and violence and add another facet to the importance of ameliorating food neglect in the United States. © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Item Citation Release, Decarceration, and Crime in Washington, DC(2022-05-01T05:00:00.000Z) Riddell, Jordan; Worrall, John L.; Elliott, Euel W.; Vieraitis, Lynne M.; Jacobs, Bruce A.; Piquero, Alex R.; Kovandzic, TomislavIn March 2020, the Washington, DC, Metropolitan Police Department expanded its policeinitiated citation release to allow officers to release subjects arrested for certain non-violent felony offenses (ex: larceny-theft). This decarceration effort was designed to reduce COVID-19 transmission in jails and avoid maintaining custody of people pre-trial, as too many custodial arrests would impair the operations of the Superior Court of DC during the public health emergency. Using crime incident, arrest report, and jail population data from DC for 2013 through 2020, this dissertation investigates the effect of the citation release policy modification (i.e., jail decarceration) and arrests on four types of economic crime: robbery, burglary, theft from motor vehicles, and other theft. Vector autoregression analyses suggest arrests do not deter crime and there was no detectable “decarceration” effect from expanding citation release eligibility during the study period. Findings do not support macro-level deterrence theory or the premise of a decarceration effect that has been identified in studies of prisons.Item Crime in College Predicts Violent Crime in the National Football League(Taylor and Francis Inc.) Leal, W.; Piquero, Alex R.; Piquero, Nicole L.; Gertz, M.; 2088022 (Piquero, AR); 73323853 (Piquero, NL); Piquero, Alex R.; Piquero, Nicole L.The relationship between past and future crime is one of the most robust findings within criminology. Yet, there have been few attempts to examine whether this linkage holds in specific employment arenas. In this study, we consider the relationship between past and future crime within the context of the National Football League (NFL). Specifically, we assess whether there is a relationship between pre-NFL arrests and arrests while playing in the NFL. Using data on NFL arrestees coupled with an internet-based search of arrests prior to their joining the NFL, we find that pre-NFL arrests are positive and significantly related to violent (but not total or non-violent) arrests. Also, this pattern of findings was observed for non-white NFL players, but not white players. Limitations, future research directions, and policy implications are highlighted.Item Do (Sex) Crimes Increase during the United States Formula 1 Grand Prix?(Springer Nature, 2019-12-17) Piquero, Alex R.; Piquero, Nicole Leeper; Riddell, Jordan R.; 0000-0003-4198-4985 (Piquero, AR); Piquero, Alex R.; Piquero, Nicole L.; Riddell, Jordan R.Objectives: We examine whether violent, property, or sex trafficking–related crime increased during the 2018 Formula 1 United States Grand Prix in Austin, Texas. Methods: Ordinary least squares regression models, time series trend analysis, and forecasted prediction intervals based on autoregressive integrated moving average models are used to analyze daily crime incident data gathered by the Austin Police Department. Results: There is no evidence to suggest a statistically significant increase in any of the analyzed crime types during the Formula 1 race weekend. Conclusions: Our findings are directly relevant to the state of Texas’ human trafficking plan requirement for reimbursement from the state’s major events reimbursement fund. While we do not find the event increases crime, our data are limited to official crime incidents and exclude non-reported and undetected offenses. Future research should focus on potential differences between auto racing and other mega sporting events.Item Examining the Relationship Between Exposure to Violence and Delinquent Behaviors Across Different Immigrant Generations(2019-08) Shih, Meng Ru; 0000-0003-2210-6298 (Shih, MR); Piquero, Alex R.Contrary to popular rhetoric, several immigration studies have shown that the relationship between immigration and crime is null or negative. Within this strand of research, first generation immigrants exhibit significantly lower crime rates than their comparisons. However, recent studies have also found that crime rates began to rise in second- and second-plus generation immigrants. The mechanism contributing to changes in crime rates across generations remains largely unknown. This study posits that exposure to violence (ETV) is one potential risk factor related to the increase in crime and delinquency among immigrant youth, particularly in second-generation immigrant youth. The current study used data from the Pathways to Desistance Study to examine this relationship. Two types of ETV are examined: direct ETV and witness ETV. At baseline, first-generation youth had lower direct and indirect ETV than their peers, whereas second-generation youth reported the highest direct ETV. The associations between ETVs and deviant outcomes are positive, and neighborhood conditions mediate this relationship. Moreover, ethnic identity could be a protective factor for immigrant youth. Collectively, the results support that ETVs are the risk factors contributing to delinquency among immigrant youth. Future research directions and policy implications are addressed.Item Examining the Relationship Between Prosecutor Characteristics and Court Outcomes(2020-05) Laprade, Jennifer; Piquero, Alex R.Even though prosecutors play one of the most influential roles in the criminal justice system, few studies examine these actors. The few studies that do investigate prosecutorial decision-making look at characteristics of the offender or victim, but rarely look at the characteristics of the prosecutors themselves. The purpose of this dissertation is to take a closer look at prosecutors and examine prosecutorial characteristics in relation to county court outcomes. Specifically, this study examines prosecutor characteristics (such as race, gender, experience, and political party) in relation to county court outcomes (such as charge filings, charge reductions, and incarceration) using a three-level hierarchal linear analysis of longitudinal data from 4,568,857 felony cases, nested within 64 Florida counties, nested within 20 judicial circuits over a 10-year period (2009 – 2018). This dissertation fills gaps in the literature regarding the role of prosecutors and county courts and serves as a launching point for future research.Item Foreign Direct Investment, Institutional Anomie, Crime, and Imprisonment(2018-05) Powell, Zachary Austin; 0000-0002-1271-2000 (Powell, ZA); Piquero, Alex R.In contemporary criminological research, there appears to be a decidedly American-centric focus with respect to crime and incarceration. If the field is to expand, more research is needed to understand cross-national differences in crime and the response to crime. One possible framework to understand these differences lies in the application of institutional anomie theory (IAT) to explain crime and prison rates. In an effort to advance the theory, the research presented in this dissertation explicates how the influence of foreign direct investment (FDI) can shape responses in crime and incarceration through a cultural transference of economic freedom. To provide a test of the implications from these propositions, a panel study of 178 countries from 2003-2015 is used to explore the consequences of FDI on crime and incarceration. The results from this study find no support for the idea that FDI corresponds with higher crime or imprisonment rates. Moreover, the relationship between FDI and other social institution variables do not appear to yield a demonstrable effect on either outcome variable. However, there is some evidence suggesting economic overdominance may contribute to higher imprisonment rates. Future research directions are also discussed.Item Harmonizing Legal Socialization to Reduce Antisocial Behavior: Results from a Randomized Field Trial of Truanting Young People(Routledge, 2019-06-05) Mazerolle, L.; Antrobus, E.; Cardwell, S. M.; Piquero, Alex R.; Bennett, S.; 0000-0003-4198-4985 (Piquero, AR); 2088022 (Piquero, AR); Piquero, Alex R.Legal socialization conceptualizes two processes for attaining compliance as either consensus-based or coercive-based. However, in real life, an adolescent’s exposure to police and school authorities is likely to incorporate a blend of both the consensual and coercive systems of compliance. In this article, we examine how harmonizing the way that police and school authorities engage with young people using a consensus-based legal socialization approach might influence a young person’s self-reported antisocial behavior. Drawing data from a randomized field trial of the Ability School Engagement Program in Brisbane, Australia, we find that a young person’s participation in the consensus-based program impacts self-reported antisocial behavior over time indirectly through changes in perceptions of police legitimacy, but not through changes in perceptions of school legitimacy. We conclude that young people are more likely to obey the law when they are exposed to harmonized legal socialization experiences, but it is a young person’s view of police that matters more for compliance with the law than how they view school authorities. © 2019 Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences.Item Just Do It? An Examination of Race on Attitudes Associated with Nike’s Advertisement Featuring Colin Kaepernick(Taylor and Francis Inc.) Intravia, J.; Piquero, Alex R.; Piquero, Nicole L.; Byers, B.; 2088022 (Piquero, AR); 73323853 (Piquero, NL); Piquero, Alex R.; Piquero, Nicole L.The relationship between race and just about any social issue has been and continues to be controversial. Within the context of literature on public opinion regarding sports and social movements, this study considers the intersections between race, business, and athlete activism by examining attitudes related to Nike’s controversial advertisement campaign with former NFL quarterback Colin Kaepernick. Results obtained from a sample of young adults reveals a deep racial divide between black and non-black respondents. At almost a ratio of 2:1, blacks were more likely to agree with Nike’s decision to use the former player in their advertisement, that Nike should address social issues in their ads, and that Nike should contribute to his charity. These race differences remain in models that control for a variety of other correlates, including political orientation, income, discrimination, player protests, and whether they watch the NFL. ©2019 Taylor & Francis Group LLC.Item Juvenile Justice Policy and Practice: A Developmental Perspective(2015-07-28) Monahan, Kathryn; Steinberg, Laurence; Piquero, Alex R.; Piquero, Alex R.Responses to juvenile offending have swung between rehabilitative and punishment approaches since the 1960s. A shift back toward rehabilitation has been influenced by recent research on adolescence, adolescent decision making, and adolescent brain development. US Supreme Court decisions on juvenile sentencing have been influenced by them. Major changes from adolescence into early adulthood have been demonstrated in the frontal lobe and especially the prefrontal cortex, which helps govern executive functions such as self-control and planning. Compared with adults, adolescents are more impulsive, short-sighted, and responsive to immediate rewards and less likely to consider long-term consequences. Adolescents are thus less blameworthy than adults. Responses to juvenile offending should take account of malleable aspects of psychosocial functioning in a developmentally informed manner.Item Multiple Perspectives on Immigrant and Crime Relationship(2020-08) Han, Sungil; 0000-0002-5438-9520 (Han S); Piquero, Alex R.The association between immigration and crime has been the center of debates not only in the field of criminology but also in political arguments. However, consistent findings in empirical research show a null association or even crime reduction effects of immigration. To fill the gap in the literature and provide a more comprehensive understanding, this dissertation examines the immigration and crime nexus at multiple dimensions: individual, perceptual, and structural. Using data from various sources, the results of three studies note four important findings: (1) immigration/immigrant status holds a negative association with crime, (2) immigrants are different from non-immigrant residents regarding antisocial attitudes, presenting more favorable attitudes toward criminal behavior, (3) theoretical frameworks of the revitalization perspective and rational choice theory work in explaining lower levels of crime within immigrant groups or communities, and (4) cultural and environmental contexts matter to account for immigration and crime nexus. Implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research are also discussed in the study.Item On the Potential Implications of Reports of Fictitious Drug Use for Survey Research on Juvenile Delinquency(Sage Publishers, 2015-08-01) Meldrum, Ryan Charles; Piquero, Alex R.; Piquero, Alex R.A variety of methodological issues have been raised over self-reports of delinquency and its correlates. In this study, we call attention to the provision of untruthful information and provide an investigation of this issue using a survey item that assesses a respondent's use of a fictitious drug in relation to reports of delinquency and traditional criminological correlates. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted based on data drawn from a probability sample of middle and high school students in Florida. Results show (a) there are important differences on key criminological variables between respondents who report use of a fictitious drug and those who do not; (b) the internal consistency of a variety index of delinquency is particularly sensitive to the inclusion of respondents reporting the use of a fictitious drug; and (c) the effect size of some criminological variables on delinquency may be sensitive to controlling for reports of fictitious drug use. Overall, the inclusion of fictitious drug use items within etiological models may serve as a useful approach to further establishing the reliability and validity of information provided by survey respondents.; © The Author(s) 2014.Item Predicting Recidivism Through Machine Learning(2017-05) Ozkan, Turgut; Piquero, Alex R.The current study attempts to explore more precise solutions for the prediction problem in the U.S. criminal justice system. Using data obtained from the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994, this project investigates a number of statistical models in terms of their classification performances. Specifically, after a careful feature selection process, the conventional logistic regression model is compared to several machine learning models, including random forests, support vector machines, XGBoost, neural networks, and Search algorithm. According to the results, XGBoost and neural networks outperformed all other models in the comparison. Implications for the U.S. criminal justice system are discussed.Item Psychosocial Maturation, Race, and Desistance from Crime(Springer New York LLC, 2019-05-21) Rocque, M.; Beckley, A. L.; Piquero, Alex R.; 0000-0003-4198-4985 (Piquero, AR); Piquero, Alex R.Research on maturation and its relation to antisocial behavior has progressed appreciably in recent years. Psychosocial maturation is a relatively recent concept of development that scholarship has linked to risky behavior. Psychosocial maturation appears to be a promising explanation of the process of exiting criminal behavior, known as desistance from crime. However, to date, research has not examined whether psychosocial maturation is related to desistance in similar ways across race/ethnicity. Using the Pathways to Desistance Study which followed a mixed-race/ethnicity group of serious adolescent offenders for 7 years, this research tested growth in psychosocial maturation across race/ethnic groups. The sample (14.46% female, average age 15.97 at baseline) was composed of white (n = 250), black (n = 463), and Hispanic (n = 414) individuals. The results showed variation in trajectories of psychosocial maturation with blacks having higher initial levels but slower growth in maturation over time compared to whites. Psychosocial maturation was negatively related to crime across all racial/ethnic groups. Across all racial/ethnic groups, differences in the magnitude of the association between psychosocial maturation and desistance were small. Rather than needing distinct theories for specific groups, psychosocial maturation appears to be a general theoretical perspective for understanding desistance from crime across races/ethnicities. Policy formulation based on psychosocial maturation would, therefore, be applicable across racial/ethnic groups. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.Item Red States and Black Lives: Applying the Racial Threat Hypothesis to the Black Lives Matter Movement(Routledge, 2018-11-05) Updegrove, Alexander H.; Cooper, Maisha N.; Orrick, Erin A.; Piquero, Alex R.; 0000 0001 2098 3962 (Piquero, AR); 2088022 (Piquero, AR); Piquero, Alex R.Despite increased media attention, the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement has received little scholarly attention. News coverage of BLM is often divisive, which suggests important differences may exist in how the public views BLM. Within the context of the racial threat perspective, the present study uses a nationally representative sample of 2,114 individuals from 33 states and the District of Columbia to identify state- and individual-level predictors of BLM opposition. Results reveal that older, Republican, and conservative men are more likely to oppose BLM, while Blacks and individuals who perceive their local police to exhibit racial biases against Blacks are less likely to oppose BLM. State-level racial threat variables are largely nonsignificant, but states with more fatal police shootings are less likely to oppose BLM, while states where the Republican candidate won a greater percentage of the vote in the 2012 presidential election are more likely to oppose BLM.Item School Start Times, Delinquency, and Substance Use: A Criminological Perspective(Sage Publications Inc., 2019-04-26) Semenza, D. C.; Meldrum, R. C.; Jackson, D. B.; Vaughn, M. G.; Piquero, Alex R.; 0000-0003-4198-4985 (Piquero, AR); Piquero, Alex R.Research finds a lack of sleep during adolescence is associated with a variety of negative outcomes and suggests that early school start times contribute to this problem. Criminologists have largely overlooked the relevance of school start times for adolescent delinquency and substance use, precluding multidisciplinary collaborations between criminologists and other social and health scientists that might further elucidate emerging policy initiatives. We provide a theoretically informed criminological perspective explicating the mechanisms through which delaying school start times may reduce delinquency and substance use. Two pathways are proposed: one focused on self-control and another on unstructured socializing with peers. After discussing evidence supporting the pathways, this article outlines a research agenda for criminologists to contribute to understudied portions of the model. © The Author(s) 2019.Item Spatiotemporal Association between Temperature and Assaults: A Generalized Linear Mixed-Model Approach(Sage Publications Inc.) Jung, Yeondae; Kim, Dohyeong; Piquero, Alex R.; 0000-0002-1428-1451 (Kim, D); 0000-0003-4198-4985 (Piquero, AR); 2088022 (Piquero, AR); Jung, Yeondae; Kim, Dohyeong; Piquero, Alex R.We aim to analyze the association between temperature and assault at highly disaggregated spatial units with great temporal resolution to investigate their spatiotemporal dynamics. We applied generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) to assault and weather data from 2015, aggregated weekly at 424 subdistricts in Seoul, South Korea, controlling for various socioeconomic and environmental variables. Analyses revealed a positive and significant linear association between temperature and assaults and a few small but significant interaction effects that relate to an increase in assaults. A more enhanced understanding of the spatiotemporal relationship between temperature and crime would provide useful implications for targeted crime prevention and resource allocations. ©2019 The Author(s).Item Staying Home, Staying Safe? A Short-Term Analysis of COVID-19 on Dallas Domestic Violence(Springer Nature, 2020-06-14) Piquero, Alex R.; Riddell, Jordan R.; Bishopp, Stephen A.; Narvey, Chelsey; Reid, Joan A.; Piquero, Nicole L.; 0000-0003-4198-4985 (Piquero, AR); Piquero, Alex R.; Riddell, Jordan R.; Piquero, Nicole L.COVID-19 has wreaked havoc on the lives of persons around the world and social scientists are just beginning to understand its consequences on human behavior. One policy that public health officials put in place to help stop the spread of the virus were stay-at-home/shelter-in-place lockdown-style orders. While designed to protect people from the coronavirus, one potential and unintended consequence of such orders could be an increase in domestic violence – including abuse of partners, elders or children. Stay-at-home orders result in perpetrators and victims being confined in close quarters for long periods of time. In this study, we use data from Dallas, Texas to examine the extent to which a local order was associated with an increase in domestic violence. Our results provide some evidence for a short-term spike in the 2 weeks after the lockdown was instituted but a decrease thereafter. We note that it is difficult to determine just how much the lockdown was the cause of this increase as the domestic violence trend was increasing prior to the order.Item The Linkage Between Mental Health, Delinquency, and Trajectories of Delinquency: Results from the Boricua Youth Study(Elsevier Ltd) Jennings, W. G.; Maldonado-Molina, M.; Fenimore, D. M.; Piquero, Alex R.; Bird, H.; Canino, G.; Piquero, Alex R.Purpose: To examine the longitudinal relationship between depression, delinquency, and trajectories of delinquency among Hispanic children and adolescents. Methods: Propensity score matching is used to match depressed and non-depressed youth and a combination of group-based trajectory and multinomial logistic regression techniques are used. Results: After adjusting for pre-existing differences between depressed and non-depressed youth, the causal relationship between depression and delinquency and the association between depression and trajectories of delinquency appears to be largely spurious. However, the effect of depression on predicting a high rate and increasing trajectory of delinquency is robust. Conclusions: Depression and high-rate offending are linked in a sample of Hispanic children and adolescents.