Browsing by Author "Sandler, Todd"
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Item An Empirical Study of Suicide Terrorism: A Global Analysis(2014-04) Santifort-Jordan, Charlinda; Sandler, Todd; 0000 0001 1603 8829 (Sandler, T); 77012834 (Sandler T); Sandler, ToddThis paper provides the first venue-based empirical investigation of the number and lethality of suicide terrorist attacks on a global scale. For 1998-2010, we assemble a data set of 2448 suicide terrorist incidents, drawn from the three main terrorist event databases, i.e., International Terrorism: Attributes of Terrorist Events (ITERATE), the Global Terrorism Database (GTD), and RAND. Our data set distinguishes between domestic and transnational suicide terrorist missions. For the quantity of suicide terrorism, we apply zero-inflated negative binomial panel (country-year) estimation for country-specific variables and negative binomial panel estimation for attack-specific variables. We also present linear regression panel estimations for the impact of suicide terrorism in terms of casualties per attack. Economic, political, and military variables, at times, differentially influenced the two kinds of suicide terrorism. A host of policy conclusions are drawn from the empirical findings.Item Four Essays on Defense and Peace Economics(2020-04-15) Kim, Wukki; Sandler, ToddThe dissertation consists of four chapters on defense and peace economics related to peacekeeping operation, terrorism, and military expenditure. The first essay studies the decisionmaking process within peacekeeping operations regarding the timing of peacekeeper deployment. This study finds that countries that could deploy more troops at their initial time of deployment and that have many previous UN PKO experiences are more likely to be leaders. Results also suggest that contributors engaging in multiple UN PKOs contemporaneously are less likely to be leaders. The second essay analyzes the effectiveness of PKOs. If the transitions from peace to conflict or from conflict to peace are correlated based on grievances or war weariness, then a multi-transition survival analysis provides more efficient estimates and may limit bias. Our analysis shows that estimates of the two transitions display a significant negative covariance. We find that UN peace enforcement missions appear to induce a transition from conflict to peace, while UN observation, traditional peacekeeping, and peacebuilding missions appear to limit a transition from peace to conflict. We also show that UN troops, rather than UN police, are more effective in transitioning from conflict to peace and in maintaining peace. With the multi-transition approach, UN PKOs performed better than non-UN PKOs in maintaining peace. In the third chapter, it studies the relationship between foreign aids and the failure of terrorist groups. This conflict aid presents recipient countries with perverse incentives because the aid ends once resident groups are removed. We introduce other empirical and conceptual innovations for analyzing military-aid-induced moral hazard. In the case of US aid recipients, the longevity of resident terrorist groups rose dramatically. The current article improves on the empirics of the pioneering article (Bapat, 2011) by showing that the moral-hazard concerns extend to other major donors – the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. The last chapter revisits NATO burden sharing during 2011-2017. Russian nationalism, enhanced transnational terrorism, and intrastate conflicts are apt to increase the publicness of NATO defense spending over the last eight years. When NATO allies’ defense shares of GDP are correlated with their GDP ranks, there is clear evidence of the exploitation of the large, rich allies by the small, poor allies, indicative of allies sharing purely public defense spending since 2011. In addition, there is an absence of concordance between NATO allies’ defense burdens and their derived benefit shares, consistent with greater defense publicness. Finally, we find further proof of exploitation and free riding for a broad-based measure of security spending.Item International Peacekeeping Operations: Burden Sharing and Effectiveness(Sage Publications Inc, 2018-10-22) Sandler, Todd; Sandler, ToddThis article takes stock of some of the important contributions to the study of peacekeeping (PK). Two key topics stand out: peacekeeping burden sharing and mission effectiveness. For burden sharing, the theoretical foundation is the private provision of public goods and joint products. Implications for burden sharing differ whether financial or troop contributions are being shared, with the latter driven by jointly produced country-specific benefits. Financial burden sharing can also differ between United Nations (UN)-led and non-UN-led peacekeeping operations, wherein country-specific benefits are especially important for the latter. Many articles gauge peacekeeping effectiveness by the mission's ability to maintain the peace or to protect lives for a set time period. More recently, multiple criteria are raised for evaluating peacekeeping in today's world of multifaceted peace-building operations.Item Three Essays on the Demand for Military Expenditures and Terrorist Group Survival(2019-05) Hou, Dongfang; Sandler, ToddThis dissertation contains three chapters. The first two chapters study the demand for military expenditure in the Asia-Pacific region, and the third chapter studies terrorist group survival. Applying a spatial panel approach and using five different ways to measure connectivities among sample countries, the first chapter estimates the demand for defense in the Asia-Pacific region. Seemingly unrelated regressions are used for a group of selected sample countries to explore their demand for military expenditure. Results show that Asia-Pacific countries do respond to the defense spending of other countries, and that free-riding is prevalent in the region. Sample countries respond negatively to Chinese and US military expenditure. Countries’ income level and population are other determinants of military expenditure. Heterogeneity exists among countries. The second chapter estimates the determinants of military expenditure in Asia and Oceania using a dynamic panel approach. Even though the methodology is different from the first chapter, similar conclusions are drawn. Countries are free-riding on the US military expenditure and they do not respond to Chinese military expenditure. A period lag in military expenditure, countries’ income level, population, and trade openness are important determinants of military expenditure, while the number of ongoing wars and regime types are not. The third chapter introduced an extended data set of 760 terrorist groups that engaged in attacks during 1970-2016. Since the major source of an earlier well-cited data set on terrorist groups stopped updating in 2007, this chapter contributes to the literature by updating terrorist group data and adding new variables into the data set. The features of this data set are displayed by a series of tables and figures that reveals the distribution of terrorist groups across multiple dimensions. The importance of the new data set is highlighted with a standard survival analysis applied to terrorist groups.