Browsing by Author "Sun, J."
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Item Generation of Lower Harmonic Magnetosonic Waves through Nonlinear Wave-Wave Interactions(Blackwell Publishing Ltd) Gao, X.; Sun, J.; Lu, Q.; Chen, Lunjin; Wang, S.; Chen, LunjinAlthough magnetosonic waves in the Earth's magnetosphere have been well understood by the linear theory, low harmonic magnetosonic waves, which often lack of free energy, can be unusually present. By employing a 1-D particle-in-cell simulation model, we have investigated the generation of those unusual lower harmonic magnetosonic waves in a plasma containing a proton ring distribution. In our simulation, the higher harmonic magnetosonic waves (from~9Ω_h to ~12Ω_h) are firstly excited due to the unstable proton ring, which can be well explained by the linear theory. Several lower harmonic magnetosonic waves (below 5Ω_h), which well separates away from the higher harmonics, soon appear in the system. Those lower harmonics, which do not have any positive linear growth rates, can be generated by a nonlinear mechanism. The bicoherence analysis demonstrates that there is a strong phase coupling among the unusual lower harmonic magnetosonic waves and the magnetosonic waves generated due to the proton ring, supporting the idea that the lower harmonic waves could be driven by the wave-wave couplings of the generated magnetosonic waves. This wave-wave coupling generation mechanism is further confirmed by another two simulations, where two or three pump magnetosonic waves are initially injected. The lower-frequency waves, that is, the fundamental wave and its second harmonic, are also successfully reproduced due to the nonlinear coupling of pump magnetosonic waves. Our simulations not only propose a potential generation mechanism of unusual lower harmonic magnetosonic waves in the Earth's magnetosphere, but also give some new insights on the evolution of magnetosonic spectra.Item Generation of Magnetosonic Waves Over a Continuous Spectrum(Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2016-01-08) Chen, Lunjin; Sun, J.; Lu, Q.; Gao, X.; Xia, Zhiyang; Zhima, Zeren; 0000-0003-2489-3571 (Chen, L); Chen, Lunjin; Xia, Zhiyang; Zhima, ZerenMagnetosonic waves, also known as equatorial noise emission, were found to have discrete frequency structures, which is consistent with instability caused by proton ring distribution. Nonetheless, nondiscrete structure, i.e., a broadband spectrum over a continuous frequency range, has been reported. We investigate the question whether proton ring distribution can generate nondiscrete spectra for perpendicularly propagating magnetosonic waves. We propose discrete and nondiscrete characteristics of the local instability for explaining the observation of discrete, continuous, and mixed spectra. The criterion for transition from discrete and continuous instability is given, γ > ~ Ω(h)/2, where γ is wave growth rate and Ω(h) is proton cyclotron frequency. The condition is verified by particle-in-cell simulation using more realistic electron-to-proton mass ratio and speed of light than in previous studies. Such criterion of generating a continuous spectrum can be tested against simultaneous in situ measurement of wave and particle. We also find that the modes at low Ω(h) harmonics, including the fundamental Ω(h'), can be still excited through nonlinear wave-wave coupling, even when they are neutral modes (γ = 0) according to the linear kinetic theory. Comparison with magnetosonic waves in cold plasma limit and electromagnetic ion Bernstein mode is also discussed.Item Multi-Responsive and Multi-Motion Bimorph Actuator Based on Super-Aligned Carbon Nanotube Sheets(Elsevier Ltd) Li, J.; Mou, L.; Zhang, Rui; Sun, J.; Wang, R.; An, B.; Chen, H.; Inoue, K.; Ovalle-Robles, R.; Liu, Z.; Zhang, RuiMulti-responsive actuators have recently aroused intensive research for the requirements of being used in various environments. However, their actuation performances are generally lower than their single responsive counterparts because of the restriction of material selection and complicated structural design. Here, for the first time, a multi-responsive actuator that can respond to four types of stimuli including electricity, near infrared light, humidity, and organic vapors was designed by attaching superaligned carbon nanotubes sheets and coating an ink layer on the both sides of the PET film. The multi-responsive actuator shows fast and reversible actuation with high displacement-to-length ratio of 0.79 under electrical stimulus, and large bending angle of 212⁰ in 0.55 s at a bending speed of 646⁰/s under near infrared light irradiation. The actuator also shows fast response exposing to moisture and volatile organic vapors. The actuator shows a large bending angle within ∼0.1 s when exposed to different organic solvents and recovered its initial shape when the solvent was removed. These performances are in the same level of the record values of the thermal-based bimorph actuators. We demonstrated this actuator as a smart electric-control frequency switch at relatively high on/off frequency up to 17.5 Hz. ©2019 Elsevier LtdItem A Parametric Study for the Generation of Ion Bernstein Modes from a Discrete Spectrum to a Continuous One in the Inner Magnetosphere. II. Particle-In-Cell Simulations(American Institute of Physics Inc, 2016-02-10) Sun, J.; Gao, X.; Lu, Q.; Chen, Lunjin (; Tao, X.; Wang, S.; 0000-0003-2489-3571 (Chen, L); Chen, LunjinIn this paper, we perform one-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations to investigate the properties of perpendicular magnetosonic waves in a plasma system consisting of three components: cool electrons, cool protons, and tenuous ring distribution protons, where the waves are excited by the tenuous proton ring distribution. Consistent with the linear theory, the spectra of excited magnetosonic waves can change from discrete to continuous due to the overlapping of adjacent unstable wave modes. The increase of the proton to electron mass ratio, the ratio of the light speed to the Alfven speed, or the concentration of protons with a ring distribution tends to result in a continuous spectrum of magnetosonic waves, while the increase of the ring velocity of the tenuous proton ring distribution leads to a broader one, but with a discrete structure. Moreover, the energization of both cool electrons and protons and the scattering of ring distribution protons due to the excited magnetosonic waves are also observed in our simulations, which cannot be predicted by the linear theory. Besides, a thermalized proton ring distribution may lead to the further excitation of several lower discrete harmonics with their frequencies about several proton gyrofrequencies.Item Photothermal Bimorph Actuators with In-Built Cooler for Light Mills, Frequency Switches, and Soft Robots(Wiley-VCH Verlag) Li, J.; Zhang, Rui; Mou, L.; Jung de Andrade, Monica; Hu, X.; Yu, K.; Sun, J.; Jia, T.; Dou, Y.; Chen, H.; Fang, Shaoli; Qian, Dong; Liu, Z.; 295272933 (Qian, D); Zhang, Rui; Jung de Andrade, Monica; Fang, Shaoli; Qian, DongPhotothermal bimorph actuators are widely used for smart devices, which are generally operated in a room temperature environment, therefore a low temperature difference for actuation without deteriorating the performance is preferred. The strategy for the actuator is assembling a broadband-light absorption layer for volume expansion and an additional water evaporation layer for cooling and volume shrinkage on a passive layer. The response time and temperature-change-normalized bending speed under NIR, white, and blue light illumination are at the same level of high performance, fast photothermal actuators based on polymer or polymer composites. The classical beam theory and finite element simulations are also conducted to understand the actuation mechanism of the actuator. A new type of light mill is designed based on a wing-flapping mechanism and a light-modulated frequency switch. A fast-walking robot (with a speed of 26 mm s -1 ) and a fast-and-strong mechanical gripper with a large weight-lifting ratio (˜2142), respectively, are also demonstrated. ©2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim