Race and Gender Representation in Presidential Appointments, SES, and GS Levels, During Clinton, Bush, and Obama Administrations
Date
2016-06-23
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Publisher
Sage Publications Inc
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Abstract
Achieving a representative bureaucracy that reflects the attitudes, values, and policy choices of women and racial minorities is imperative, as the gap in the representation of those groups in the federal workforce is growing. We examine to what extent female and minority representation in political appointments, Senior Executive Service (SES), and General Schedule (GS) 1-15 levels reflect presidents' commitment to diversity. We use data from the U.S. Office of Personnel Management to compare the tenures of presidents William J. Clinton (1993 to 2000), George W. Bush (2001-2008), and Barack H. Obama (2009-2013), and examine the employment trends from 1993 to 2013.
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Keywords
Diversity in the workplace, Minority women, United States—Officials and employees, Party affiliation, Federal-government, Decision-making, Bureaucracy, Race relations, Discrimination in employment
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©2016 The Authors