Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science
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Item 15.6 A 10MHz i-Collapse Failure Self-Prognostic GaN Power Converter with TJ -Independent In-Situ Condition Monitoring and Proactive Temperature Frequency Scaling(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.) Chen, Yingping; Ma, Dongsheng (Brian); Chen, Yingping; Ma, Dongsheng (Brian)With superior figure of merits, GaN switchs are highly anticipated to replace MOSFETs in high-performance power circuits [1], [2]. However, GaN technology today still faces formidable reliability challenges [3]. While GaN device aging and failure mechanisms are not as well-studied as silicon counterparts, its unique structure and operation also induce new aging and failure problems. Use a GaN switch M_H in a buck converter of Fig. 15.6.1 as an example. As a high-side switch, it faces large-switching-current and high-input-voltage stress in each charge phase. After repetitive switching actions, a number of electron carriers can be injected into the AlGaN barrier and buffer layers, known as hot-electron injection. In discharge phase, M_H is off, but M_L becomes conductive, which shorts the source of M_H to ground, creating high VDS stress on M_H. This induces charge traps in the insulator and buffer layers, known as charge trapping. As a joint effect of both mechanisms, trapped or injected electrons in the insulator, AlGaN barrier and buffer layers repel free electrons in the channel when M_H is on, weakening the 2-dimensional electron-gas (2DEG) layer and further elevating hot-electron injection. This effect, known as current collapse or i- collapse for short, degrades channel conductivity, increases the on-resistance RDS_ON, and is a major cause of GaN-switch aging and failure [3]. On the other hand, another aging cause is thermal effect. To reduce manufacture costs and improve technology compatibility, it is common to fabricate GaN transistors on a silicon substrate. Accordingly, to reduce lattice mismatch, an AlGaN buffer layer is often inserted (Fig. 15.6.1). However, this increases the junction-to-ambient thermal resistance R θJA, which, together with the increased R_{DS_ON} due to the i- collapse, causes higher power and heat generation, elevating the junction temperature, T J. According to Arrhenius' Law, as T J increases, the mean-time-to-failure (MTTF) drops exponentially [4]. Even worse, the elevated T_J deteriorates the i- collapse effect with even higher R_{DS_ON}, significantly reducing device lifetime. ©2019 IEEE.Item 15.7 An 8.3MHz GaN Power Converter Using Markov Continuous RSSM for 35dBμV Conducted EMI Attenuation and One-Cycle TON Rebalancing for 27.6dB VO Jittering Suppression(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.) Chen, Yingping; Ma, Dongsheng (Brian); Chen, Yingping; Ma, Dongsheng (Brian)GaN power switches have gained fast-growing popularity in power electronics. With a similar R DS_ON resistance, they boast 2-to-3-order lower gate capacitance than silicon counterparts, making them highly desirable in high-frequency (fsw ), high-performance power converters. However, at high f sw , switching transitions have to be completed in much shorter times, creating much larger di/dt and dv/dt changes in power stage, which directly link to electromagnetic-interference (EMI) emissions [1]. To suppress EMI, spread-spectrum-modulation (SSM) techniques [2-5] have been proposed. As depicted in Fig. 15.7.1, a periodic SSM (PSSM) is straightforward and easy to implement. However, its EMI suppression is not effective [2]. A randomized SSM (RSSM) can outperform the PSSM, with lower peak EMI and near-uniform noise spreading, but its performance highly relies on the random clock design. In [3], an N-bit digital random clock was reported to achieve a discrete RSSM (D-RSSM). However, the bit number N has to be large in order to achieve satisfying EMI attenuation, significantly increasing circuit complexity, chip area, and power consumption. To overcome this, a thermal-noise-based random clock was proposed [4]. Unfortunately, thermal noise is very sensitive to temperature and is hard to predict. To apply this approach to a practical implementation requires additional signal processing with periodic signals to confine its range of randomization, which, in turn, reduces the benefits of the RSSM. To achieve a near ideal RSSM, a continuous RSSM (C-RSSM) with a cost-effective implementation is highly preferable. Meanwhile, another challenge of applying SSM schemes lies in the fact that the schemes deteriorate V O voltage regulation. As shown in Fig. 15.7.1, as an SSM scheme continuously or periodically modulates f sw , a converter switching period fluctuates cycle by cycle, causing random errors on the duty ratio and thus jittering effect on V O. This is difficult to correct by a feedback control loop, as the duty-ratio error changes randomly between switching cycles. Due to a limited loop-gain bandwidth, the loop response usually lags far behind. Although a ramp compensation scheme was reported to resolve this [5], the improvement is very limited, and the scheme only works for voltage-mode converters. © 2019 IEEE.Item A 25-MHz Four-Phase SAW Hysteretic Control DC-DC Converter with 1-Cycle Active Phase Count(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2019-02-22) Lee, Bumkil; Song, Min Kyu; Maity, Ahsis; Ma, Dongsheng (Brian); 0000-0002-4457-7157 (Ma, DB); Lee, Bumkil; Song, Min Kyu; Maity, Ahsis; Ma, Dongsheng (Brian)In order to meet stringent power requirements in modern application processors, a 25-MHz four-phase dc-dc power converter is presented. It employs an adaptive window hysteretic control to facilitate ultra-fast transient response and minimize output voltage (VO) undershoot and overshoot during load transient periods. Inherent clock synchronization ability ensures current balancing between phase sub-converters. The control also enables a wide range of programmable VO for dynamic voltage/frequency scaling. To maintain high efficiency over a wide power range without degrading transient speed, a 1-cycle active phase count scheme is introduced. A design prototype was fabricated in a 0.35-μm CMOS process with an active die of 1.88 mm2. Simple circuit structure benefits a power density of 3.98 W/mm2. At a switching frequency of 25 MHz and a nominal input of 3.3 V, it regulates a programmable VO ranging from 0.3 to 2.5 V. It achieves more than 80% efficiency over 96.7% of power range with a peak value of 88.1%. In response to 4-A load step-up/down, it achieves 103 mV/123 mV VO undershoot/overshoot with 1% settling time of 190 ns/237 ns, respectively. ©2019 IEEE.Item A Bibliometric Assessment of Software Engineering Scholars and Institutions (2010-2017)(Elsevier Science Inc, 2018-10-22) Karanatsiou, Dimitra; Li, Yihao; Arvanitou, Elvira-Maria; Misirlis, Nikolaos; Wong, W. Eric; Li, Yihao; Wong, W. EricThis paper presents the findings of a bibliometric study, targeting an eight-year period (2010-2017), with the aim of identifying: (a) emerging research directions, (b) the top-20 institutions, and (c) top-20 early stage, consolidated, and experienced scholars in the field of software engineering. To perform this goal, we performed a bibliometric study, by applying the mapping study technique on top-quality software engineering venues, and developed a dataset of 14,456 primary studies. As the ranking metric for institutions, we used the count of papers in which authors affiliated with this institute have been identified in the obtained dataset, whereas regarding scholars we computed the corresponding rankings based on the number of published papers and the average number of citations. Finally, we identified the top-20 rising scholars in the SE research community, based on their recent publication record (between 2015 and 2017) and their research age.Item A Clinical Experiment on Infant Applied Pressures During Breastfeeding(Amer Soc Mechanical Engineers, 2019) Jiang, Lin; Alatalo, Diana L.; Geddes, Donna T.; Hassanipour, Fatemeh; 0000-0003-0337-1192 (Hassanipour, F); Jiang, Lin; Alatalo, Diana L.; Hassanipour, FatemehBreastfeeding provides both nutrients and immunities necessary for infant growth. Understanding the biomechanics of breastfeeding requires capturing both positive and negative pressures exerted by infants on the breast. This clinical experimental work utilizes thin, flexible pressure sensors to capture the positive oral pressures of 7 mother-infant dyads during breastfeeding while simultaneously measuring vacuum pressures and imaging of the infants oral cavity movement via ultrasound. Methods for denoising signals and evaluating ultrasound images are discussed. Changes and deformations on the nipple are evaluated. The results reveal that pressure from the infant's maxilla and mandible are evenly distributed in an oscillatory pattern corresponding to the vacuum pressure patterns. Variations in nipple dimensions are considerably smaller than variations in either pressure but the ultrasound shows positive pressure dominates structural changes during breastfeeding. Clinical implications for infant-led milk expression and data processing are discussed.Item A Coil Detection System for Dynamic Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicle(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.) Patil, Devendra; Miller, J.; Fahimi, Babak; Balsara, Poras T.; Galigerkere, V.; Patil, Devendra; Fahimi, Babak; Balsara, Poras T.Application of wireless power transfer while EV is in motion can significantly reduce the battery storage capacity. A major challenge in implementation of dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) is automatic detection of EV to avoid loss in efficiency and alleviate any safety concerns. This paper proposes a novel coil detection method for segmented DWPT. Detection of the EV ahead of its arrival will initiate energizing of the transmitter buried inside the road to enable just-in-time transfer of power. At low speeds, communication can be a reliable method to power up the transmitter coil. However, at high speeds on highways, communication latency time for the detection of an EV is long and hence impractical. This paper proposes a low cost and low power EV detection system based on a novel orthogonal coil arrangement to detect EVs traveling at high speeds. The proposed detection system was tested on a laboratory scale prototype for verification purpose. For high speed verification, simulation in PLECS was conducted to test the functionality of the proposed system. ©2019 IEEEItem A Comparison of Stealthy Sensor Attacks on Control Systems(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.) Hashemi, Navid; Murguia, C.; Ruths, Justin; Hashemi, Navid; Ruths, JustinAs more attention is paid to security in the context of control systems and as attacks occur to real control systems throughout the world, it has become clear that some of the most nefarious attacks are those that evade detection. The term stealthy has come to encompass a variety of techniques that attackers can employ to avoid detection. Here we show how the states of the system (in particular, the reachable set corresponding to the attack) can be manipulated under two important types of stealthy attacks. We employ the chi-squared fault detection method and demonstrate how this imposes a constraint on the attack sequence either to generate no alarms (zero-alarm attack) or to generate alarms at a rate indistinguishable from normal operation (hidden attack).Item A Complex Task Scheduling Scheme for Big Data Platforms Based on Boolean Satisfiability Problem(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.) Hong, H.; Khan, Latifur; Ayoade, Gbadebo G.; Shaohua, Z.; Yong, W.; Khan, Latifur; Ayoade, Gbadebo G.In the big data processing systems, the amount of data is increasing. At the same time, the real-time requirement of data processing and analysis is higher and higher. Therefore, it is required that the big data processing and analysis systems have better performance. Job scheduling plays an important role in improving the overall system performance in big data processing frameworks. However, job scheduling is a difficult NP-hard problem. There are many factors that need to be considered for job scheduling. For example, jobs have dependencies among stages, therefore we should not allocate resources to tasks that are not ready. Sometimes, there are constraints between jobs. These are a challenge to the scheduling performance of big data processing and analysis systems. In this paper, we try to solve the problem by translating it into Boolean Satisfiability Problem (SAT) which is an exact method. SAT-based scheduling algorithm is not a new approach, but in the past it mainly used to solve the static scheduling problems. For dynamic scheduling system, it requires all problems to be solved within a limited time, which is a challenge for SAT encoding. In this paper, we refer to the previous SAT solution to the Job Shop Scheduling Problem, and adjust the algorithm to meet the requirements of the big data processing system. At the same time, we optimized the coding approach and reduced the number of clauses. Thus, the efficiency of the problem solved is improved to meet the performance requirements. The experimental results show that the number of clauses is reduced by more than 30%, and the processing time of the SAT solver to get the solution can be reduced by more than 50%. To demonstrate its effectiveness, we have also implemented our new job scheduler in Apache Hadoop YARN, and validated its effectiveness.Item A Computationally Efficient Pipeline for 3d Point Cloud Reconstruction from Video Sequences(SPIE) Chang, Chih-Hsiang; Kehtarnavaz, Nasser; Chang, Chih-Hsiang; Kehtarnavaz, NasserThis paper presents a computationally efficient pipeline to achieve 3D point cloud reconstruction from video sequences. This pipeline involves a key frame selection step to improve the computational efficiency by generating reliable depth information from pair-wise frames. An outlier removal step is then applied in order to further improve the computational efficiency. The reconstruction is achieved based on a new absolute camera pose recovery approach in a computationally efficient manner. This pipeline is devised for both sparse and dense 3D reconstruction. The results obtained from video sequences exhibit higher computational efficiency and lower re-projection errors of the introduced pipeline compared to the existing pipelines.Item A Convolutional Neural Network Smartphone App for Real-Time Voice Activity Detection(IEEE - Inst Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc) Sehgal, Abhishek; Kehtarnavaz, Nasser; 0000-0001-7128-6438 (Sehgal, A); 166234961 (Kehtarnavaz, N); Sehgal, Abhishek; Kehtarnavaz, NasserThis paper presents a smartphone app that performs real-time voice activity detection based on convolutional neural network. Real-time implementation issues are discussed showing how the slow inference time associated with convolutional neural networks is addressed. The developed smartphone app is meant to act as a switch for noise reduction in the signal processing pipelines of hearing devices, enabling noise estimation or classification to be conducted in noise-only parts of noisy speech signals. The developed smartphone app is compared with a previously developed voice activity detection app as well as with two highly cited voice activity detection algorithms. The experimental results indicate that the developed app using convolutional neural network outperforms the previously developed smartphone app.Item A Convolutional Neural Network-Based Sensor Fusion System for Monitoring Transition Movements in Healthcare Applications(IEEE Computer Society) Dawar, Neha; Kehtarnavaz, NasserThis paper presents a convolutional neural network-based sensor fusion system to monitor six transition movements as well as falls in healthcare applications by simultaneously using a depth camera and a wearable inertial sensor. Weighted depth motion map images and inertial signal images are fed as inputs into two convolutional neural networks running in parallel, one for each sensing modality. Detection and thus monitoring of the transition movements and falls are achieved by fusing the movement scores generated by the two convolutional neural networks. The results obtained for both subject-generic and subject-specific testing indicate the effectiveness of this sensor fusion system for monitoring these transition movements and falls. © 2018 IEEE.Item A Decision-Making Auction Algorithm for Demand Response in Microgrids(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.) Chang, Chih-Lun; Peng, J. C. -H; Chang, Chih-LunDistributed energy resources installed in the residential areas enable energy consumers to participate in the demand response of distribution systems. In the literature, the algorithms used for the decision-making process of an energy consumer are often centralized and require a dedicated communication link with the power utility. In this paper, a novel decision-making algorithm known as the auction decision process has been proposed. It helps energy consumers to independently meet the demand response in a decentralized manner. The resultant demand response operates in a distributed manner, where the limited information is transmitted among the neighboring consumers using the short-range ZigBee communication. This minimizes the required initial bulk investment for a power utility compared to using a centralized communication system. The data privacy is also improved when compared to the centralized approach. For this work, finding a path with the least transmission loss is selected as the desired constraint for the decision-making process of the demand response. The proposed method has been demonstrated using the IEEE 33 bus systems. © 2010-2012 IEEE.Item A Fast Phase Variable abc Model of Brushless PM Motors under Demagnetization Faults(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.) Mazaheri-Tehrani, E.; Faiz, J.; Zafarani, Mohsen; Akin, Bilal; 0000-0002-3714-5081 (Zafarani, M); 0000-0001-6912-7219 (Akin, B); Zafarani, Mohsen; Akin, BilalThis paper addresses a simple and computationally efficient dynamic model for brushless permanent magnet (PM) motors under PM demagnetization faults. The impact of stator slots and spatial disposition of the windings are taken into account to improve the accuracy of a lumped-parameter abc model. This model is suitable for tracking the dynamic behavior of fault components as it can be accompanied by any control scheme and/or be used for model-based fault detection schemes. In addition, parameters of this model can be automatically tuned by an optimization process in the off-line phase of the healthy machine. Finite element simulations are carried out for proving the effectiveness of the proposed model. Verifica-tion is done in both time and frequency domains for four PM motors with different rotor and stator configurations. The simulation results are experimentally verified.Item A Fermi-Level-Pinning-Free 1D Electrical Contact at the Intrinsic 2D MoS₂–Metal Junction(Wiley-VCH Verlag, 2019-05-08) Yang, Z.; Kim, C.; Lee, K. Y.; Lee, M.; Appalakondaiah, S.; Ra, C. -H; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Cho, Kyeongiae; Hwang, E.; Hone, J.; Yoo, W. J.; 0000-0003-2698-7774 (Cho, K); Cho, KyeongiaeCurrently 2D crystals are being studied intensively for use in future nanoelectronics, as conventional semiconductor devices face challenges in high power consumption and short channel effects when scaled to the quantum limit. Toward this end, achieving barrier-free contact to 2D semiconductors has emerged as a major roadblock. In conventional contacts to bulk metals, the 2D semiconductor Fermi levels become pinned inside the bandgap, deviating from the ideal Schottky–Mott rule and resulting in significant suppression of carrier transport in the device. Here, MoS₂ polarity control is realized without extrinsic doping by employing a 1D elemental metal contact scheme. The use of high-work-function palladium (Pd) or gold (Au) enables a high-quality p-type dominant contact to intrinsic MoS₂, realizing Fermi level depinning. Field-effect transistors (FETs) with Pd edge contact and Au edge contact show high performance with the highest hole mobility reaching 330 and 432 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ at 300 K, respectively. The ideal Fermi level alignment allows creation of p- and n-type FETs on the same intrinsic MoS₂ flake using Pd and low-work-function molybdenum (Mo) contacts, respectively. This device acts as an efficient inverter, a basic building block for semiconductor integrated circuits, with gain reaching 15 at V_{D} = 5 V. ©2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, WeinheimItem A General Graph Based Pessimism Reduction Framework For Design Optimization Of Timing Closure(ACM) Peng, F.; Yan, C.; Feng, C.; Zheng, J.; Wang, S. -G; Zhou, Dian; Zeng, X.; Zhou, DianIn this paper, we develop a general pessimism reduction framework for design optimization of timing closure. Although the modified graph based timing analysis (mGBA) slack model can be readily formulated into a quadratic programming problem with constraints, the realistic difficulty is the size of the problem. A critical path selection scheme, a uniform sampling method with the sparse characteristics of the optimal solution, and a stochastic conjugate gradient method are proposed to accelerate the optimization solver. This modified GBA is embedded into design optimization of timing closure. Experimental results show that the proposed solver can achieve 13.82x speedup than gradient descent method with similar accuracy. With mGBA, the optimization of timing closure can achieve a better performance on area, leakage power, buffer counts.Item A High-Efficiency Low-Profile Zero-Voltage Transition Synchronous Non-Inverting Buck-Boost Converter with Auxiliary-Component Sharing(IEEE, 2018-08-16) Cong, Lin; Liu, Jin; Lee, Hoi; Cong, Lin; Liu, Jin; Le, Hoi; 0000-0003-1945-6887 (Lee, H); Cong, Lin; Liu, Jin; Lee, HoiThis paper presents an efficiency-enhanced low-profile zero-voltage-transition (ZVT) synchronous non-inverting buck-boost converter for 48-V tens-of-Watt output applications. By only using three auxiliary components shared between two switching nodes, zero-voltage switching (ZVS) of all four power switches and zero-current switching of the auxiliary switch are achieved in the proposed converter to minimize the switching power loss. Compared with the existing ZVT topologies, the proposed converter reduces the required number of auxiliary components, thereby decreasing the converter volume and power loss. In addition, the proposed converter can be configured into the buck mode with full ZVS capability to support a wide input range from 36 V to 90 V. Experimental results show that the proposed converter can operate at 1 MHz and deliver a maximum output power of 75 W. The measured peak power efficiencies achieve 92.5% and 96.3% in the buck-boost mode and buck mode, respectively. Compared with the state-of-the-art ZVS-based buck-boost counterpart, the proposed converter reduces the volume of the auxiliary circuit by similar to 2 times even with 28% increase in the maximum load current and two times reduction in the switching frequency, and provides higher peak power efficiencies in both buck-boost and buck modes.Item A Human-As-Sensors Approach to API Documentation Integration and its Effects on Novice Programmers(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.) Chen, C.; Yang, Y.; Yang, L.; Zhang, Kang; 65983012 (Zhang, K); Zhang, KangIn recent years, there has been a great interest in integrating crowdsourced API documents that are often dispersed across multiple places. Because of the complexity of natural language, however, automatically synthesized documents often fall short on quality and completeness compared to those authored by human experts. We develop a complementary 'human-as-sensors' approach to document integration that generates API FAQs based on users' help-seeking behavior and history. We investigated the benefits and limitations of this approach in the context of programming education. This paper describes a prototype system called COFAQ and a controlled experiment with 18 novice programmers. The study confirms that the generated FAQs effectively fosters knowledge transfer between the programmers and significantly reduce the need for repeated search. It also discovers several difficulties novice programmers encountered when seeking API help as well as the strategies they used to seek and utilize API knowledge. © 2019 IEEE.Item A Joint Unsupervised Learning and Genetic Algorithm Approach for Topology Control in Energy-Efficient Ultra-Dense Wireless Sensor Networks(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.) Chang, Y.; Yuan, X.; Li, B.; Niyato, D.; Al-Dhahir, Naofal; Al-Dhahir, NaofalEnergy efficiency is a key performance metric for ultra-dense wireless sensor networks. In this letter, an unsupervised learning approach for topology control is proposed to prolong the lifetime of ultra-dense wireless sensor networks by balancing energy consumption. By encoding sensors as genes according to the network clusters, the proposed genetic-based algorithm learns an optimum chromosome to construct a close-to-optimum network topology using unsupervised learning in probability. Moreover, it schedules some of the cluster members to sleep to conserve the node energy using geographically adaptive fidelity. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed algorithm by improving energy efficiency in comparison with state-of-the-art algorithms at an acceptable computational complexity.Item A Machine Learning Based Hard Fault Recuperation Model for Approximate Hardware Accelerators(The Association for Computing Machinery) Taher, Farah Naz; Callenes-Sloan, J.; Schaefer, Benjamin Carrion; Taher, Farah Naz; Schaefer, Benjamin CarrionContinuous pursuit of higher performance and energy efficiency has led to heterogeneous SoC that contains multiple dedicated hardware accelerators. These accelerators exploit the inherent parallelism of tasks and are often tolerant to inaccuracies in their outputs, e.g. image and digital signal processing applications. At the same time, permanent faults are escalating due to process scaling and power restrictions, leading to erroneous outputs. To address this issue, in this paper, we propose a low-cost, universal fault recovery/repair method that utilizes supervised machine learning techniques to ameliorate the effect of permanent fault(s) in hardware accelerators that can tolerate inexact outputs. The proposed compensation model does not require any information about the accelerator and is highly scalable with low area overhead. Experimental results show, the proposed method improves the accuracy by 50% and decreases the overall mean error rate by 90% with an area overhead of 5% compared to execution without fault compensation.Item A Multifield and Frequency Electrically Detected Magnetic Resonance Study of Atomic-Scale Defects in Gamma Irradiated Modern MOS Integrated Circuitry(IEEE-Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc, 2018-11-09) Myers, K. J.; Waskiewicz, R. J.; Lenahan, P. M.; Young, Chadwin D.; 0000-0003-0690-7423 (Young, CD); Young, Chadwin D.The role of specific atomic-scale defects involved in total ionizing dose radiation in the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors of the 1980s and 1990s was identified in large part with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques. The techniques involved in those studies were classical EPR and, to a lesser extent, electrically detected magnetic resonance (EDMR). We show that somewhat more sophisticated resonance-based measurements can be fruitfully applied to explore the atomic-scale basic mechanisms of the significantly more complex, generally messier, and much smaller devices of the present day. We present multifield and frequency EDMR measurements in which the response is observed via spin-dependent leakage currents, spin-dependent charge pumping, and spin-dependent gated diode recombination currents. We also exploit isotopic substitution, replacing hydrogen with deuterium, monitoring the isotopic effects on the resonance response. The approaches utilized in this paper should be applicable to radiation damage studies in a wide variety of emerging materials and devices.